RRB NTPC Important GK Notes 2026 PDF – Most Expected Questions & Answers

Important Discoveries & Inventions

No.	Discovery / Invention	Scientist / Inventor	Year	Field
1	Gravity	Isaac Newton	1687	Physics
2	Electricity experiments	Benjamin Franklin	1752	Physics
3	Steam Engine	James Watt	1769	Industry
4	Smallpox Vaccination	Edward Jenner	1796	Medicine
5	Modern Computer Concept	Charles Babbage	1837	Computing
6	Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell	1876	Communication
7	Electric Bulb	Thomas Edison	1879	Electrical
8	X-Rays	Wilhelm Röntgen	1895	Medical
9	Radioactivity	Marie Curie	1898	Nuclear Science
10	Airplane	Wright Brothers	1903	Aviation
11	Relativity Theory	Albert Einstein	1905	Physics
12	Television	John Logie Baird	1927	Communication
13	Penicillin	Alexander Fleming	1928	Medicine
14	Transistor	William Shockley	1947	Electronics
15	DNA Structure	Watson & Crick	1953	Genetics
17	Integrated Circuit	Jack Kilby	1958	Electronics
18	Laser	Theodore Maiman	1960	Physics
20	Microprocessor	Ted Hoff	1971	Computing
21	Mobile Phone	Martin Cooper	1973	Communication
22	Personal Computer	Steve Jobs	1976	Computing
23	MRI Scanner	Paul Lauterbur	1977	Medical
24	World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee	1989	Internet
26	Cloning (Dolly Sheep)	Ian Wilmut's Team	1996	Biotechnology

No.	Discovery / Invention	Scientist / Inventor	Year	Field
31	Periodic Table	Dmitri Mendeleev	1869	Chemistry
32	Electromagnetism	Michael Faraday	1831	Physics
33	Radio	Guglielmo Marconi	1895	Communication
34	Radar	Robert Watson-Watt	1935	Defense Tech
35	Jet Engine	Frank Whittle	1937	Aviation
36	Nylon	Wallace Carothers	1935	Chemistry
37	Nuclear Fission	Otto Hahn	1938	Nuclear Physics
38	Atomic Bomb	Manhattan Project	1945	Defense
39	Holography	Dennis Gabor	1947	Physics
40	Credit Card	Frank McNamara	1950	Finance
41	Hard Disk Drive	IBM Team	1956	Computing
42	Fiber Optics	Charles Kao	1966	Communication
43	UNIX OS	Ken Thompson	1969	Computing
44	Email	Ray Tomlinson	1971	Internet
45	Barcode	Norman Woodland	1973	Commerce
46	Ethernet	Robert Metcalfe	1973	Networking
47	Laptop	Adam Osborne	1981	Computing
48	CD Technology	Sony & Philips	1982	Electronics
49	DNA Fingerprinting	Alec Jeffreys	1984	Forensics
50	Windows OS	Microsoft	1985	Software
51	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	Space
52	Linux	Linus Torvalds	1991	Software
53	SMS Messaging	Neil Papworth	1992	Communication
54	Bluetooth	Jaap Haartsen	1994	Wireless Tech
55	Google Search	Larry Page & Sergey Brin	1998	Internet
59	Blockchain	Satoshi Nakamoto	2008	Finance Tech
60	3D Printing	Chuck Hull	1983	Manufacturing
64	Touchscreen	E. A. Johnson	1965	Electronics
65	Digital Camera	Steven Sasson	1975	Imaging
66	USB	Ajay Bhatt	1996	Computing
69	Virtual Reality	Ivan Sutherland	1968	Computing
70	Augmented Reality	Tom Caudell	1990	Computing
71	Robotics	George Devol	1954	Engineering
72	Solar Cell	Bell Labs	1954	Energy
84	Insulin Discovery	Banting & Best	1921	Medicine
85	Blood Groups	Karl Landsteiner	1901	Medicine
86	Anesthesia	William Morton	1846	Medicine
87	Stethoscope	René Laennec	1816	Medicine
88	Thermometer	Galileo	1593	Science
89	Microscope	Zacharias Janssen	1590	Science
90	Telescope	Galileo	1609	Astronomy
91	Printing Press	Gutenberg	1440	Communication
92	Paper	Cai Lun	105	Civilization
96	Algebra	Al-Khwarizmi	820	Mathematics
97	Calculus	Newton & Leibniz	17th C.	Mathematics
98	Logarithms	John Napier	1614	Mathematics
102	Digital Payments	FinTech Industry	2000s	Finance

Neighbouring Countries of India

No.	Country	Border-Sharing Indian States / UTs	Type of Border
1	Pakistan	Jammu & Kashmir (UT), Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat	Land
2	Afghanistan	Jammu & Kashmir (UT – Gilgit-Baltistan region claimed by India)	Land
3	China	Ladakh (UT), Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh	Land
4	Nepal	Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim	Land
5	Bhutan	Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh	Land
6	Bangladesh	West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram	Land
7	Myanmar	Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram	Land
8	Sri Lanka	Tamil Nadu (across sea)	Maritime
9	Maldives	Lakshadweep (UT) – across Arabian Sea	Maritime

Quick Memory Points for Exams

Total neighbouring countries of India: 9

• Land borders: 7
• Sea borders: 2
• Longest land border: Bangladesh
• Shortest land border: Afghanistan

Important Countries—Capital & Currency

No.	Country	Capital	Currency
1	India	New Delhi	Indian Rupee
2	United States	Washington, D.C.	US Dollar
3	United Kingdom	London	Pound Sterling
4	China	Beijing	Renminbi (Yuan)
5	Japan	Tokyo	Yen
6	Russia	Moscow	Russian Ruble
7	France	Paris	Euro
8	Germany	Berlin	Euro
9	Canada	Ottawa	Canadian Dollar
10	Australia	Canberra	Australian Dollar
11	Brazil	Brasília	Brazilian Real
12	South Africa	Pretoria (admin)	Rand
13	Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Saudi Riyal
14	United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	UAE Dirham
15	Pakistan	Islamabad	Pakistani Rupee
16	Bangladesh	Dhaka	Taka
17	Nepal	Kathmandu	Nepalese Rupee
18	Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte	Sri Lankan Rupee
19	Singapore	Singapore	Singapore Dollar
20	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Ringgit

Important Indian Literature

No.	Book / Work	Author
1	Ramayana	Valmiki
2	Mahabharata	Vyasa
3	Arthashastra	Kautilya
4	Abhijnanashakuntalam	Kalidasa
5	Gitanjali	Rabindranath Tagore
6	Godaan	Munshi Premchand
7	Anandamath	Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
8	Discovery of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
9	My Experiments with Truth	Mahatma Gandhi
10	Train to Pakistan	Khushwant Singh
11	The Guide	R. K. Narayan
12	Malgudi Days	R. K. Narayan
13	Midnight’s Children	Salman Rushdie
14	The God of Small Things	Arundhati Roy
15	Wings of Fire	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
16	Ignited Minds	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
17	The White Tiger	Aravind Adiga
18	A Suitable Boy	Vikram Seth
19	Interpreter of Maladies	Jhumpa Lahiri
20	In Custody	Anita Desai

Quick Exam Notes

• Oldest epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata
• First Indian Nobel Prize in Literature: Rabindranath Tagore (Gitanjali, 1913)
• Famous Hindi novelist: Munshi Premchand
• Modern Booker Prize winners: Arundhati Roy, Aravind Adiga

World Famous Books & Authors

No.	Book	Author
1	Don Quixote	Miguel de Cervantes
2	Pride and Prejudice	Jane Austen
3	War and Peace	Leo Tolstoy
4	Great Expectations	Charles Dickens
5	The Adventures of Tom Sawyer	Mark Twain
6	Moby-Dick	Herman Melville
7	The Brothers Karamazov	Fyodor Dostoevsky
8	The Old Man and the Sea	Ernest Hemingway
9	1984	George Orwell
10	Animal Farm	George Orwell
11	The Catcher in the Rye	J. D. Salinger
12	To Kill a Mockingbird	Harper Lee
13	The Great Gatsby	F. Scott Fitzgerald
14	One Hundred Years of Solitude	Gabriel García Márquez
15	The Alchemist	Paulo Coelho
16	Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone	J. K. Rowling
17	The Hobbit	J. R. R. Tolkien
18	The Lord of the Rings	J. R. R. Tolkien
19	The Diary of a Young Girl	Anne Frank
20	The Little Prince	Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

Quick Exam Tips

• Oldest famous novel: Don Quixote
• Most famous dystopian novel: 1984
• Popular fantasy series: Harry Potter, The Lord of the Rings
• Nobel Prize authors included: Hemingway, Márquez

Important Monuments & Places of India

No.	Monument / Place	Location	Built By / Period
1	Taj Mahal	Agra, Uttar Pradesh	Shah Jahan (Mughal, 17th C.)
2	Red Fort	Delhi	Shah Jahan
3	Qutub Minar	Delhi	Qutb-ud-din Aibak
4	India Gate	New Delhi	British Era (Edwin Lutyens)
5	Gateway of India	Mumbai, Maharashtra	British Era
6	Hawa Mahal	Jaipur, Rajasthan	Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh
7	Amer Fort	Jaipur, Rajasthan	Raja Man Singh
8	Charminar	Hyderabad, Telangana	Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
9	Golconda Fort	Hyderabad, Telangana	Qutb Shahi Dynasty
10	Ajanta Caves	Maharashtra	Buddhist Period
11	Ellora Caves	Maharashtra	Rashtrakuta Period
12	Sun Temple, Konark	Odisha	Narasimhadeva I
13	Meenakshi Temple	Tamil Nadu	Nayak Dynasty
14	Brihadeeswara Temple	Tamil Nadu	Raja Raja Chola I
15	Khajuraho Temples	Madhya Pradesh	Chandela Dynasty
16	Sanchi Stupa	Madhya Pradesh	Emperor Ashoka
17	Golden Temple	Punjab	Guru Arjan Dev
18	Jantar Mantar	Rajasthan	Sawai Jai Singh II
19	Fatehpur Sikri	Uttar Pradesh	Akbar
20	Victoria Memorial	West Bengal	British Era
21	Howrah Bridge	West Bengal	British Era
22	Mysore Palace	Karnataka	Wodeyar Dynasty
23	Mahabodhi Temple	Bihar	Mauryan Period
24	Nalanda University Ruins	Bihar	Gupta Period
25	Lotus Temple	Delhi	Modern (Baháʼí House)

Quick Exam Notes

• UNESCO Wonders: Taj Mahal, Ajanta–Ellora, Konark, Khajuraho, Hampi, etc.
• Mughal architecture examples: Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikri.
• Temple architecture: Brihadeeswara, Meenakshi, Konark.

State-Wise Important Monuments of India

State / UT	Famous Monument / Place
Uttar Pradesh	Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri
Delhi	Red Fort, Qutub Minar, India Gate
Rajasthan	Hawa Mahal, Amer Fort, Jantar Mantar
Maharashtra	Gateway of India, Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves
Madhya Pradesh	Khajuraho Temples, Sanchi Stupa
Punjab	Golden Temple
Gujarat	Statue of Unity, Rani ki Vav
Bihar	Mahabodhi Temple, Nalanda University Ruins
West Bengal	Victoria Memorial, Howrah Bridge
Odisha	Sun Temple, Konark
Tamil Nadu	Meenakshi Temple, Brihadeeswara Temple
Karnataka	Mysore Palace, Hampi
Telangana	Charminar, Golconda Fort
Andhra Pradesh	Tirupati Balaji Temple
Assam	Kaziranga National Park

Quick Exam Revision Points

• Most UNESCO sites: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
• Famous Mughal monuments: Uttar Pradesh & Delhi
• Major temple architecture: Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Karnataka

General Science

Topic	Key Points	Important Facts for Exam
Physics – Motion	Distance, speed, velocity, acceleration	SI unit of speed = m/s
Newton’s Laws	3 laws of motion	F = ma (Second law)
Work, Energy, Power	Work = Force × Distance	Unit of energy = Joule
Heat & Temperature	Transfer by conduction, convection, radiation	SI unit of temperature = Kelvin
Light	Reflection, refraction, lenses	Speed of light = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Electricity	Current, voltage, resistance	Ohm’s Law: V = IR
Magnetism	Magnetic field, electromagnet	Like poles repel
Sound	Produced by vibration	Cannot travel in vacuum

Chemistry 

Topic	Key Points	Exam Facts
Matter	Solid, liquid, gas	Smallest unit = Atom
Atom Structure	Proton (+), Neutron (0), Electron (–)	Atomic number = Protons
Periodic Table	Groups & periods	Metals on left, non-metals on right
Acids & Bases	pH scale 0–14	Neutral pH = 7
Chemical Reactions	Combination, decomposition, displacement	Rusting = Oxidation
Metals & Non-metals	Metals conduct electricity	Mercury = liquid metal
Carbon Compounds	Organic chemistry base	Diamond & graphite = carbon forms

Life Science (Biology) 

Topic	Key Points	Important Exam Facts
Cell	Basic unit of life	Discovered by Robert Hooke
Cell Organelles	Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome	Mitochondria = powerhouse
Human Body Systems	Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous	Heart has 4 chambers
Blood	RBC, WBC, platelets	Hemoglobin carries oxygen
Photosynthesis	Plants make food using sunlight	Occurs in chloroplast
Reproduction	Sexual & asexual	Humans reproduce sexually
Genetics	Study of heredity	Father of genetics = Mendel
Diseases	Bacterial, viral, deficiency	Malaria by mosquito
Nutrition	Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins	Vitamin C deficiency = Scurvy

Most Important General Science Questions & Answers

Physics Q&A

• What is the SI unit of force? 👉 Newton
• Who gave the law of gravitation? 👉 Isaac Newton
• Speed of light is? 👉 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Chemistry Q&A

• Neutral pH value is? 👉 7
• Which gas is essential for breathing? 👉 Oxygen
• Chemical formula of water? 👉 H₂O

Biology Q&A

• Smallest unit of life? 👉 Cell
• Human heart has how many chambers? 👉 Four
• Which vitamin is obtained from sunlight? 👉 Vitamin D
• Malaria is caused by? 👉 Plasmodium parasite

Ultra-Important One-Line Facts for Exams

• Blood purification occurs in kidney.
• Brain is protected by skull.
• Largest organ of body = skin.
• Normal human body temperature = 37°C.
• Universal donor blood group = O negative.
• Universal recipient = AB positive.

Indian Parliament 

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the country.
It consists of:

1. President of India
2. Lok Sabha (House of the People)
3. Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

Structure of Parliament 

Feature	Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
Type	Lower House	Upper House
Maximum Strength	552	250
Present Strength	543 elected	245 (233 elected + 12 nominated)
Election	Direct election by people	Indirect election by MLAs
Minimum Age	25 years	30 years
Term	5 years (can be dissolved)	Permanent house (6-year term, 1/3 retire every 2 years)
Presiding Officer	Speaker	Chairman (Vice-President of India)

Important Constitutional Articles

Article	Provision
Art. 79	Constitution of Parliament
Art. 80	Composition of Rajya Sabha
Art. 81	Composition of Lok Sabha
Art. 83	Duration of Houses
Art. 85	Sessions of Parliament
Art. 93	Speaker & Deputy Speaker
Art. 100	Voting in Houses
Art. 108	Joint Sitting of Parliament

Powers of Parliament

Legislative Powers

• Makes laws for the whole country.
• Can amend the Constitution.

Financial Powers

• Money Bill introduced only in Lok Sabha.
• Budget must be approved by Parliament.

Executive Control

• Council of Ministers is responsible to Lok Sabha.
• Tools: Question Hour, No-Confidence Motion, Adjournment Motion.

Judicial Powers

• Can impeach the President.
• Can remove judges of Supreme Court & High Courts.

Sessions of Parliament

Session	Time
Budget Session	Feb – May
Monsoon Session	July – Sept
Winter Session	Nov – Dec

Important Parliament Terms

Term	Meaning
Question Hour	First hour for asking questions to ministers
Zero Hour	Matters raised without prior notice
Money Bill	Financial bill introduced only in Lok Sabha
Joint Sitting	Meeting of both houses to resolve deadlock

Most Important GK Questions & Answers

• Indian Parliament consists of how many parts? 👉 Three – President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha
• Who is the presiding officer of Rajya Sabha? 👉 Vice-President of India
• Minimum age for Lok Sabha membership? 👉 25 years
• Which house is permanent? 👉 Rajya Sabha
• Money Bill can be introduced in which house? 👉 Lok Sabha only
• Maximum strength of Lok Sabha? 👉 552
• Which article defines Parliament? 👉 Article 79

Members of Rajya Sabha

Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament of India.

Total Strength

• Maximum strength: 250 members

Current strength: 245 members

• 233 elected by State & Union Territory legislatures
• 12 nominated by the President of India (from fields like art, literature, science, and social service)

Election & Term

• Members are indirectly elected by elected MLAs of states using proportional representation.
• Term: 6 years
• One-third members retire every 2 years, so Rajya Sabha is a permanent house (never dissolved).

Qualification

• Must be an Indian citizen
• Minimum age: 30 years
• Should meet other legal qualifications under election laws.

Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha

Feature	Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
Meaning	House of the People	Council of States
Position	Lower House of Parliament	Upper House of Parliament
Maximum Strength	552	250
Present Strength	543 elected members	245 (233 elected + 12 nominated)
Election Method	Direct election by citizens	Indirect election by MLAs
Minimum Age	25 years	30 years
Term	5 years	Permanent house (6-year term for members)
Dissolution	Can be dissolved	Never dissolved
Presiding Officer	Speaker	Chairman (Vice-President of India)
Money Bill	Introduced only here	Cannot introduce; only suggest changes
Control over Government	Council of Ministers responsible to Lok Sabha	No direct control
Joint Sitting Role	More powerful due to larger strength	Less influence in joint sitting

Most Important One-Line Facts 

• Rajya Sabha is a permanent house, but Lok Sabha can be dissolved.
• Money Bill starts only in Lok Sabha.
• Minimum age: 25 years (Lok Sabha), 30 years (Rajya Sabha).
• Vice-President of India is ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
• Speaker leads Lok Sabha proceedings.