RRB NTPC Important GK Notes 2026 PDF – Most Expected Questions & Answers

Important Discoveries & Inventions

No.	Discovery / Invention	Scientist / Inventor	Year	Field
1	Gravity	Isaac Newton	1687	Physics
2	Electricity experiments	Benjamin Franklin	1752	Physics
3	Steam Engine	James Watt	1769	Industry
4	Smallpox Vaccination	Edward Jenner	1796	Medicine
5	Modern Computer Concept	Charles Babbage	1837	Computing
6	Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell	1876	Communication
7	Electric Bulb	Thomas Edison	1879	Electrical
8	X-Rays	Wilhelm Röntgen	1895	Medical
9	Radioactivity	Marie Curie	1898	Nuclear Science
10	Airplane	Wright Brothers	1903	Aviation
11	Relativity Theory	Albert Einstein	1905	Physics
12	Television	John Logie Baird	1927	Communication
13	Penicillin	Alexander Fleming	1928	Medicine
14	Transistor	William Shockley	1947	Electronics
15	DNA Structure	Watson & Crick	1953	Genetics
17	Integrated Circuit	Jack Kilby	1958	Electronics
18	Laser	Theodore Maiman	1960	Physics
20	Microprocessor	Ted Hoff	1971	Computing
21	Mobile Phone	Martin Cooper	1973	Communication
22	Personal Computer	Steve Jobs	1976	Computing
23	MRI Scanner	Paul Lauterbur	1977	Medical
24	World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee	1989	Internet
26	Cloning (Dolly Sheep)	Ian Wilmut's Team	1996	Biotechnology

No.	Discovery / Invention	Scientist / Inventor	Year	Field
31	Periodic Table	Dmitri Mendeleev	1869	Chemistry
32	Electromagnetism	Michael Faraday	1831	Physics
33	Radio	Guglielmo Marconi	1895	Communication
34	Radar	Robert Watson-Watt	1935	Defense Tech
35	Jet Engine	Frank Whittle	1937	Aviation
36	Nylon	Wallace Carothers	1935	Chemistry
37	Nuclear Fission	Otto Hahn	1938	Nuclear Physics
38	Atomic Bomb	Manhattan Project	1945	Defense
39	Holography	Dennis Gabor	1947	Physics
40	Credit Card	Frank McNamara	1950	Finance
41	Hard Disk Drive	IBM Team	1956	Computing
42	Fiber Optics	Charles Kao	1966	Communication
43	UNIX OS	Ken Thompson	1969	Computing
44	Email	Ray Tomlinson	1971	Internet
45	Barcode	Norman Woodland	1973	Commerce
46	Ethernet	Robert Metcalfe	1973	Networking
47	Laptop	Adam Osborne	1981	Computing
48	CD Technology	Sony & Philips	1982	Electronics
49	DNA Fingerprinting	Alec Jeffreys	1984	Forensics
50	Windows OS	Microsoft	1985	Software
51	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	Space
52	Linux	Linus Torvalds	1991	Software
53	SMS Messaging	Neil Papworth	1992	Communication
54	Bluetooth	Jaap Haartsen	1994	Wireless Tech
55	Google Search	Larry Page & Sergey Brin	1998	Internet
59	Blockchain	Satoshi Nakamoto	2008	Finance Tech
60	3D Printing	Chuck Hull	1983	Manufacturing
64	Touchscreen	E. A. Johnson	1965	Electronics
65	Digital Camera	Steven Sasson	1975	Imaging
66	USB	Ajay Bhatt	1996	Computing
69	Virtual Reality	Ivan Sutherland	1968	Computing
70	Augmented Reality	Tom Caudell	1990	Computing
71	Robotics	George Devol	1954	Engineering
72	Solar Cell	Bell Labs	1954	Energy
84	Insulin Discovery	Banting & Best	1921	Medicine
85	Blood Groups	Karl Landsteiner	1901	Medicine
86	Anesthesia	William Morton	1846	Medicine
87	Stethoscope	René Laennec	1816	Medicine
88	Thermometer	Galileo	1593	Science
89	Microscope	Zacharias Janssen	1590	Science
90	Telescope	Galileo	1609	Astronomy
91	Printing Press	Gutenberg	1440	Communication
92	Paper	Cai Lun	105	Civilization
96	Algebra	Al-Khwarizmi	820	Mathematics
97	Calculus	Newton & Leibniz	17th C.	Mathematics
98	Logarithms	John Napier	1614	Mathematics
102	Digital Payments	FinTech Industry	2000s	Finance

Neighbouring Countries of India

No.	Country	Border-Sharing Indian States / UTs	Type of Border
1	Pakistan	Jammu & Kashmir (UT), Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat	Land
2	Afghanistan	Jammu & Kashmir (UT – Gilgit-Baltistan region claimed by India)	Land
3	China	Ladakh (UT), Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh	Land
4	Nepal	Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim	Land
5	Bhutan	Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh	Land
6	Bangladesh	West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram	Land
7	Myanmar	Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram	Land
8	Sri Lanka	Tamil Nadu (across sea)	Maritime
9	Maldives	Lakshadweep (UT) – across Arabian Sea	Maritime

Quick Memory Points for Exams

Total neighbouring countries of India: 9

• Land borders: 7
• Sea borders: 2
• Longest land border: Bangladesh
• Shortest land border: Afghanistan

Important Countries—Capital & Currency

No.	Country	Capital	Currency
1	India	New Delhi	Indian Rupee
2	United States	Washington, D.C.	US Dollar
3	United Kingdom	London	Pound Sterling
4	China	Beijing	Renminbi (Yuan)
5	Japan	Tokyo	Yen
6	Russia	Moscow	Russian Ruble
7	France	Paris	Euro
8	Germany	Berlin	Euro
9	Canada	Ottawa	Canadian Dollar
10	Australia	Canberra	Australian Dollar
11	Brazil	Brasília	Brazilian Real
12	South Africa	Pretoria (admin)	Rand
13	Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Saudi Riyal
14	United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	UAE Dirham
15	Pakistan	Islamabad	Pakistani Rupee
16	Bangladesh	Dhaka	Taka
17	Nepal	Kathmandu	Nepalese Rupee
18	Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte	Sri Lankan Rupee
19	Singapore	Singapore	Singapore Dollar
20	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Ringgit

Important Indian Literature

No.	Book / Work	Author
1	Ramayana	Valmiki
2	Mahabharata	Vyasa
3	Arthashastra	Kautilya
4	Abhijnanashakuntalam	Kalidasa
5	Gitanjali	Rabindranath Tagore
6	Godaan	Munshi Premchand
7	Anandamath	Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
8	Discovery of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
9	My Experiments with Truth	Mahatma Gandhi
10	Train to Pakistan	Khushwant Singh
11	The Guide	R. K. Narayan
12	Malgudi Days	R. K. Narayan
13	Midnight’s Children	Salman Rushdie
14	The God of Small Things	Arundhati Roy
15	Wings of Fire	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
16	Ignited Minds	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
17	The White Tiger	Aravind Adiga
18	A Suitable Boy	Vikram Seth
19	Interpreter of Maladies	Jhumpa Lahiri
20	In Custody	Anita Desai

Quick Exam Notes

• Oldest epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata
• First Indian Nobel Prize in Literature: Rabindranath Tagore (Gitanjali, 1913)
• Famous Hindi novelist: Munshi Premchand
• Modern Booker Prize winners: Arundhati Roy, Aravind Adiga

World Famous Books & Authors

No.	Book	Author
1	Don Quixote	Miguel de Cervantes
2	Pride and Prejudice	Jane Austen
3	War and Peace	Leo Tolstoy
4	Great Expectations	Charles Dickens
5	The Adventures of Tom Sawyer	Mark Twain
6	Moby-Dick	Herman Melville
7	The Brothers Karamazov	Fyodor Dostoevsky
8	The Old Man and the Sea	Ernest Hemingway
9	1984	George Orwell
10	Animal Farm	George Orwell
11	The Catcher in the Rye	J. D. Salinger
12	To Kill a Mockingbird	Harper Lee
13	The Great Gatsby	F. Scott Fitzgerald
14	One Hundred Years of Solitude	Gabriel García Márquez
15	The Alchemist	Paulo Coelho
16	Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone	J. K. Rowling
17	The Hobbit	J. R. R. Tolkien
18	The Lord of the Rings	J. R. R. Tolkien
19	The Diary of a Young Girl	Anne Frank
20	The Little Prince	Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

Quick Exam Tips

• Oldest famous novel: Don Quixote
• Most famous dystopian novel: 1984
• Popular fantasy series: Harry Potter, The Lord of the Rings
• Nobel Prize authors included: Hemingway, Márquez

Important Monuments & Places of India

No.	Monument / Place	Location	Built By / Period
1	Taj Mahal	Agra, Uttar Pradesh	Shah Jahan (Mughal, 17th C.)
2	Red Fort	Delhi	Shah Jahan
3	Qutub Minar	Delhi	Qutb-ud-din Aibak
4	India Gate	New Delhi	British Era (Edwin Lutyens)
5	Gateway of India	Mumbai, Maharashtra	British Era
6	Hawa Mahal	Jaipur, Rajasthan	Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh
7	Amer Fort	Jaipur, Rajasthan	Raja Man Singh
8	Charminar	Hyderabad, Telangana	Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
9	Golconda Fort	Hyderabad, Telangana	Qutb Shahi Dynasty
10	Ajanta Caves	Maharashtra	Buddhist Period
11	Ellora Caves	Maharashtra	Rashtrakuta Period
12	Sun Temple, Konark	Odisha	Narasimhadeva I
13	Meenakshi Temple	Tamil Nadu	Nayak Dynasty
14	Brihadeeswara Temple	Tamil Nadu	Raja Raja Chola I
15	Khajuraho Temples	Madhya Pradesh	Chandela Dynasty
16	Sanchi Stupa	Madhya Pradesh	Emperor Ashoka
17	Golden Temple	Punjab	Guru Arjan Dev
18	Jantar Mantar	Rajasthan	Sawai Jai Singh II
19	Fatehpur Sikri	Uttar Pradesh	Akbar
20	Victoria Memorial	West Bengal	British Era
21	Howrah Bridge	West Bengal	British Era
22	Mysore Palace	Karnataka	Wodeyar Dynasty
23	Mahabodhi Temple	Bihar	Mauryan Period
24	Nalanda University Ruins	Bihar	Gupta Period
25	Lotus Temple	Delhi	Modern (Baháʼí House)

Quick Exam Notes

• UNESCO Wonders: Taj Mahal, Ajanta–Ellora, Konark, Khajuraho, Hampi, etc.
• Mughal architecture examples: Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikri.
• Temple architecture: Brihadeeswara, Meenakshi, Konark.

State-Wise Important Monuments of India

State / UT	Famous Monument / Place
Uttar Pradesh	Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri
Delhi	Red Fort, Qutub Minar, India Gate
Rajasthan	Hawa Mahal, Amer Fort, Jantar Mantar
Maharashtra	Gateway of India, Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves
Madhya Pradesh	Khajuraho Temples, Sanchi Stupa
Punjab	Golden Temple
Gujarat	Statue of Unity, Rani ki Vav
Bihar	Mahabodhi Temple, Nalanda University Ruins
West Bengal	Victoria Memorial, Howrah Bridge
Odisha	Sun Temple, Konark
Tamil Nadu	Meenakshi Temple, Brihadeeswara Temple
Karnataka	Mysore Palace, Hampi
Telangana	Charminar, Golconda Fort
Andhra Pradesh	Tirupati Balaji Temple
Assam	Kaziranga National Park

Quick Exam Revision Points

• Most UNESCO sites: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
• Famous Mughal monuments: Uttar Pradesh & Delhi
• Major temple architecture: Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Karnataka

General Science

Topic	Key Points	Important Facts for Exam
Physics – Motion	Distance, speed, velocity, acceleration	SI unit of speed = m/s
Newton’s Laws	3 laws of motion	F = ma (Second law)
Work, Energy, Power	Work = Force × Distance	Unit of energy = Joule
Heat & Temperature	Transfer by conduction, convection, radiation	SI unit of temperature = Kelvin
Light	Reflection, refraction, lenses	Speed of light = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Electricity	Current, voltage, resistance	Ohm’s Law: V = IR
Magnetism	Magnetic field, electromagnet	Like poles repel
Sound	Produced by vibration	Cannot travel in vacuum

Chemistry 

Topic	Key Points	Exam Facts
Matter	Solid, liquid, gas	Smallest unit = Atom
Atom Structure	Proton (+), Neutron (0), Electron (–)	Atomic number = Protons
Periodic Table	Groups & periods	Metals on left, non-metals on right
Acids & Bases	pH scale 0–14	Neutral pH = 7
Chemical Reactions	Combination, decomposition, displacement	Rusting = Oxidation
Metals & Non-metals	Metals conduct electricity	Mercury = liquid metal
Carbon Compounds	Organic chemistry base	Diamond & graphite = carbon forms

Life Science (Biology) 

Topic	Key Points	Important Exam Facts
Cell	Basic unit of life	Discovered by Robert Hooke
Cell Organelles	Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome	Mitochondria = powerhouse
Human Body Systems	Digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous	Heart has 4 chambers
Blood	RBC, WBC, platelets	Hemoglobin carries oxygen
Photosynthesis	Plants make food using sunlight	Occurs in chloroplast
Reproduction	Sexual & asexual	Humans reproduce sexually
Genetics	Study of heredity	Father of genetics = Mendel
Diseases	Bacterial, viral, deficiency	Malaria by mosquito
Nutrition	Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins	Vitamin C deficiency = Scurvy

Most Important General Science Questions & Answers

Physics Q&A

• What is the SI unit of force? 👉 Newton
• Who gave the law of gravitation? 👉 Isaac Newton
• Speed of light is? 👉 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Chemistry Q&A

• Neutral pH value is? 👉 7
• Which gas is essential for breathing? 👉 Oxygen
• Chemical formula of water? 👉 H₂O

Biology Q&A

• Smallest unit of life? 👉 Cell
• Human heart has how many chambers? 👉 Four
• Which vitamin is obtained from sunlight? 👉 Vitamin D
• Malaria is caused by? 👉 Plasmodium parasite

Ultra-Important One-Line Facts for Exams

• Blood purification occurs in kidney.
• Brain is protected by skull.
• Largest organ of body = skin.
• Normal human body temperature = 37°C.
• Universal donor blood group = O negative.
• Universal recipient = AB positive.

Indian Parliament 

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the country.
It consists of:

1. President of India
2. Lok Sabha (House of the People)
3. Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

Structure of Parliament 

Feature	Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
Type	Lower House	Upper House
Maximum Strength	552	250
Present Strength	543 elected	245 (233 elected + 12 nominated)
Election	Direct election by people	Indirect election by MLAs
Minimum Age	25 years	30 years
Term	5 years (can be dissolved)	Permanent house (6-year term, 1/3 retire every 2 years)
Presiding Officer	Speaker	Chairman (Vice-President of India)

Important Constitutional Articles

Article	Provision
Art. 79	Constitution of Parliament
Art. 80	Composition of Rajya Sabha
Art. 81	Composition of Lok Sabha
Art. 83	Duration of Houses
Art. 85	Sessions of Parliament
Art. 93	Speaker & Deputy Speaker
Art. 100	Voting in Houses
Art. 108	Joint Sitting of Parliament

Powers of Parliament

Legislative Powers

• Makes laws for the whole country.
• Can amend the Constitution.

Financial Powers

• Money Bill introduced only in Lok Sabha.
• Budget must be approved by Parliament.

Executive Control

• Council of Ministers is responsible to Lok Sabha.
• Tools: Question Hour, No-Confidence Motion, Adjournment Motion.

Judicial Powers

• Can impeach the President.
• Can remove judges of Supreme Court & High Courts.

Sessions of Parliament

Session	Time
Budget Session	Feb – May
Monsoon Session	July – Sept
Winter Session	Nov – Dec

Important Parliament Terms

Term	Meaning
Question Hour	First hour for asking questions to ministers
Zero Hour	Matters raised without prior notice
Money Bill	Financial bill introduced only in Lok Sabha
Joint Sitting	Meeting of both houses to resolve deadlock

Most Important GK Questions & Answers

• Indian Parliament consists of how many parts? 👉 Three – President, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha
• Who is the presiding officer of Rajya Sabha? 👉 Vice-President of India
• Minimum age for Lok Sabha membership? 👉 25 years
• Which house is permanent? 👉 Rajya Sabha
• Money Bill can be introduced in which house? 👉 Lok Sabha only
• Maximum strength of Lok Sabha? 👉 552
• Which article defines Parliament? 👉 Article 79

Members of Rajya Sabha

Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament of India.

Total Strength

• Maximum strength: 250 members

Current strength: 245 members

• 233 elected by State & Union Territory legislatures
• 12 nominated by the President of India (from fields like art, literature, science, and social service)

Election & Term

• Members are indirectly elected by elected MLAs of states using proportional representation.
• Term: 6 years
• One-third members retire every 2 years, so Rajya Sabha is a permanent house (never dissolved).

Qualification

• Must be an Indian citizen
• Minimum age: 30 years
• Should meet other legal qualifications under election laws.

Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha

Feature	Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
Meaning	House of the People	Council of States
Position	Lower House of Parliament	Upper House of Parliament
Maximum Strength	552	250
Present Strength	543 elected members	245 (233 elected + 12 nominated)
Election Method	Direct election by citizens	Indirect election by MLAs
Minimum Age	25 years	30 years
Term	5 years	Permanent house (6-year term for members)
Dissolution	Can be dissolved	Never dissolved
Presiding Officer	Speaker	Chairman (Vice-President of India)
Money Bill	Introduced only here	Cannot introduce; only suggest changes
Control over Government	Council of Ministers responsible to Lok Sabha	No direct control
Joint Sitting Role	More powerful due to larger strength	Less influence in joint sitting

Most Important One-Line Facts 

• Rajya Sabha is a permanent house, but Lok Sabha can be dissolved.
• Money Bill starts only in Lok Sabha.
• Minimum age: 25 years (Lok Sabha), 30 years (Rajya Sabha).
• Vice-President of India is ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
• Speaker leads Lok Sabha proceedings.

Phases of Indian History 

Period	Time	Key Points
Ancient India	Before 1200 CE	Indus Valley, Vedic culture, Maurya & Gupta empires
Medieval India	1200–1757	Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire
Modern India	1757–1947	British rule and freedom struggle

Beginning of British Rule in India

• The British East India Company came to India for trade.
• Victory in Battle of Plassey (1757) started British political control.
• Battle of Buxar (1764) strengthened British power.

Revolt of 1857 – First War of Independence

Feature	Details
Year	1857
Nature	First major revolt against British
Leaders	Mangal Pandey, Rani Lakshmibai, Bahadur Shah Zafar
Result	Revolt failed but ended Company rule
Aftermath	Power transferred to British Crown (1858)

Major Freedom Movement Timeline

Year	Event
1885	Formation of Indian National Congress
1905	Partition of Bengal & Swadeshi Movement
1919	Jallianwala Bagh massacre
1920	Non-Cooperation Movement
1930	Civil Disobedience & Dandi March
1942	Quit India Movement
1947	Independence of India

Important Leaders of Freedom Struggle

Leader	Contribution
Mahatma Gandhi	Non-violence, Non-Cooperation, Quit India
Jawaharlal Nehru	Congress leader, first PM
Subhas Chandra Bose	Formed INA, “Give me blood…”
Bhagat Singh	Revolutionary martyr
Sardar Patel	Integration of princely states
Bal Gangadhar Tilak	“Swaraj is my birthright”

Important Acts by British

Act	Year	Importance
Regulating Act	1773	First control over Company
Charter Act	1813	End of trade monopoly
Government of India Act	1935	Provincial autonomy
Indian Independence Act	1947	India became free

Independence & Partition

• India became independent on 15 August 1947.
• Partition created India and Pakistan.
• Jawaharlal Nehru became first Prime Minister.

Most Important Exam Questions & Answers

• Battle of Plassey was fought in which year? 👉 1757
• Who started Non-Cooperation Movement? 👉 Mahatma Gandhi
• Quit India Movement year? 👉 1942
• Who gave slogan “Give me blood, I will give you freedom”? 👉 Subhas Chandra Bose
• India got independence in which year? 👉 1947
• Battle of Plassey was fought in 👉 1757 
• Who was the Nawab of Bengal during Plassey?👉 Siraj-ud-Daulah
• Battle of Buxar took place in👉 1764 
• Revolt of 1857 started from👉 Meerut
• Who was the leader of Revolt in Kanpur?👉 Nana Sahib 
• Who is called the First Martyr of 1857?👉 Mangal Pandey 
• Revolt of 1857 ended in👉 1859 
• After 1857, power transferred to👉 British Crown 
• Indian National Congress was founded in👉 1885 
• Founder of INC was 👉 A.O. Hume 
• Partition of Bengal happened in👉 1905 
• Swadeshi Movement started in response to👉 Partition of Bengal
• Who said “Swaraj is my birthright”?👉 Bal Gangadhar Tilak 
• Muslim League was founded in 👉 1906 
• Jallianwala Bagh massacre year👉 1919 
• General responsible for massacre👉 General Dyer 
• Non-Cooperation Movement started in👉 1920 
• Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn after👉  Chauri Chaura incident (1922) 
• Civil Disobedience Movement began in 👉 1930 
• Dandi March was related to 👉 Salt Law breaking 
• Round Table Conferences held in👉 London 
• Quit India Movement launched in👉 1942
• Quit India slogan👉 Do or Die 
• Founder of INA👉 Subhas Chandra Bose 
• INA headquarters in WWII 👉 Singapore
• Cabinet Mission came in 👉 1946 
• Direct Action Day year👉 1946 
• Mountbatten Plan year👉  1947 
• Indian Independence Act passed in 👉 1947 
• India became independent on👉 15 August 1947 
• First Prime Minister of India👉 Jawaharlal Nehru 
• Last Viceroy of India 👉 Lord Mountbatten 
• First Governor-General of free India 👉 Lord Mountbatten 
• First Indian Governor-General👉 C. Rajagopalachari 
• Who gave slogan “Inquilab Zindabad”?👉 Bhagat Singh 
• Hind Swaraj written by👉 Mahatma Gandhi 
• Kakori conspiracy year👉 1925 
• Simon Commission came in👉 1928 
• Simon Commission opposed because 👉 No Indian member 
• Lahore Session (Poorna Swaraj) year 👉  1929 
• Poorna Swaraj Day celebrated on👉 26 January 1930 
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact year👉 1931 
• Cripps Mission came in 👉 1942
• Who formed Forward Bloc? 👉 Subhas Chandra Bose 
• Azad Hind Government formed in 👉 1943 
• Who was called Frontier Gandhi? 👉 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 
• Bardoli Satyagraha leader 👉 Sardar Patel 
• Champaran Satyagraha year 👉 1917 
• Kheda Satyagraha year 👉 1918 
• First session of INC held at 👉 Bombay 

Common Phobias List (Table)

Phobia	Meaning (Fear of)
Acrophobia	Heights
Aerophobia	Flying
Agoraphobia	Open or crowded places
Arachnophobia	Spiders
Astraphobia	Thunder & lightning
Claustrophobia	Closed spaces
Cynophobia	Dogs
Hydrophobia	Water
Nyctophobia	Darkness
Ophidiophobia	Snakes
Pyrophobia	Fire
Thanatophobia	Death
Trypanophobia	Injections
Xenophobia	Strangers/foreigners
Zoophobia	Animals
Hemophobia	Blood
Glossophobia	Public speaking
Bibliophobia	Books
Dentophobia	Dentists
Musophobia	Mice
Necrophobia	Dead bodies
Nosophobia	Disease
Photophobia	Light
Somniphobia	Sleep
Technophobia	Technology
Trichophobia	Hair
Tokophobia	Childbirth
Atychiphobia	Failure
Autophobia	Being alone
Brontophobia	Thunder
Chromophobia	Colors
Dromophobia	Crossing streets
Entomophobia	Insects
Gamophobia	Marriage
Gerascophobia	Aging
Hodophobia	Travel
Keraunophobia	Lightning
Lepidopterophobia	Butterflies
Megalophobia	Large objects
Melanophobia	Black color
Ombrophobia	Rain
Panphobia	Everything
Pediophobia	Dolls
Plutophobia	Wealth
Siderophobia	Stars
Taphophobia	Being buried alive
Uranophobia	Heaven/sky
Venustraphobia	Beautiful women
Verbophobia	Words
Wiccaphobia	Witches

Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country.
It came into force on 26 January 1950.

Key Facts

Feature	Details
Drafting body	Constituent Assembly
Drafting committee chairman	B. R. Ambedkar
Adoption date	26 November 1949
Enforcement date	26 January 1950
Nature	Longest written constitution in the world

Structure of Indian Political System

India follows a federal system with a parliamentary form of government.

Three Organs of Government

Organ	Function	Head
Legislature	Makes laws	Parliament
Executive	Implements laws	President & Council of Ministers
Judiciary	Interprets laws	Supreme Court of India

Parliament of India

The Parliament of India has three parts:

1. President

2. Lok Sabha (Lower House)

3. Rajya Sabha (Upper House)

Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha (Quick Facts)

Feature	Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
Type	Lower House	Upper House
Term	5 years	Permanent (6-year term for members)
Minimum age	25 years	30 years
Money Bill	Only Lok Sabha	Can only suggest changes

Fundamental Rights (Part III)

Right	Articles	Meaning
Right to Equality	14–18	Equality before law
Right to Freedom	19–22	Speech, movement, etc.
Right against Exploitation	23–24	Prohibits trafficking & child labour
Right to Religion	25–28	Freedom of religion
Cultural & Educational Rights	29–30	Protection of minorities
Constitutional Remedies	32	Move court for rights

➡ Article 32 is called the “heart and soul of the Constitution” (by B. R. Ambedkar).

Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV)

• Aim to create a welfare state.

• Not legally enforceable, but important for governance.

Examples:

• Equal pay for equal work

• Free legal aid

• Promotion of education and health

Fundamental Duties (Part IVA)

• Added by 42nd Amendment (1976).

• Total duties: 11.

• Example: Respect Constitution, protect environment, promote harmony.

President of India – Key Facts

Feature	Detail
Position	Constitutional head of state
Election	Indirect election
Term	5 years
Powers	Executive, legislative, judicial, emergency

Prime Minister & Council of Ministers

• Real executive authority lies with Prime Minister.

• Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to Lok Sabha.

Judiciary – Quick Notes

Feature	Detail
Highest court	Supreme Court
Guardian of Constitution	Yes
Power of judicial review	Yes
Removes President?	Impeachment by Parliament

Election System in India

Body	Role
Election Commission of India	Conducts free & fair elections
Type of democracy	Parliamentary democracy
Voting age	18 years

Most Important Exam Questions & Answers

Q1. When did the Constitution come into force? 👉 26 January 1950

Q2. Who is called the Father of Indian Constitution? 👉 B. R. Ambedkar

Q3. How many Fundamental Rights are there? 👉 Six

Q4. Which article is the heart and soul of Constitution? 👉 Article 32

Q5. Who conducts elections in India? 👉 Election Commission of India

Space Science & Technology

• India’s space agency: ISRO

Famous missions:

• Chandrayaan‑3 – Successful soft landing on Moon.

• Mangalyaan – India’s Mars mission.

• Global space agency: NASA

Important Facts

Topic	Key Point
First artificial satellite	Sputnik-1 (USSR, 1957)
First man in space	Yuri Gagarin
First Indian in space	Rakesh Sharma

Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

Technology	Use	Exam Fact
Internet	Global communication	Based on TCP/IP
Artificial Intelligence (AI)	Smart machines	Used in chatbots, healthcare
Cloud Computing	Online data storage	Google Drive, AWS
5G Technology	High-speed network	Faster than 4G

Biotechnology & Health Science

Area	Example	Importance
Vaccines	COVID-19 vaccines	Disease prevention
Genetic Engineering	GM crops	Higher yield
Cloning	Dolly sheep	Copy of organism
Stem Cells	Regenerative medicine	Tissue repair

Most Important Exam Questions & Answers

Q1. What is the full form of ISRO?👉 Indian Space Research Organisation

Q2. Which mission landed successfully on the Moon in 2023? 👉 Chandrayaan-3

Q3. First man in space? 👉 Yuri Gagarin

Q4. What is AI? 👉 Technology that enables machines to think and learn.

Q5. Unit of nanotechnology scale? 👉 Nanometre (10⁻⁹ metre).

General Science MCQs 

• SI unit of force is👉Newton 
• Speed of light in vacuum is👉3 × 10⁸ m/s 
• Instrument used to measure temperature 👉Thermometer 
• Unit of electric current 👉Ampere 
• Ohm’s Law states 👉V = IR 
• Energy stored in a moving body is 👉Kinetic energy 
• Mirror used in vehicles for rear view👉Convex mirror 
• Sound cannot travel through 👉Vacuum 
• SI unit of power👉Watt 
• Acceleration due to gravity on Earth👉9.8 m/s² 
• Device converting AC to DC👉Rectifier 
• Unit of resistance 👉Ohm 
• Lens used to correct myopia👉Concave lens 
• Heat transfer in liquids mainly by 👉Convection 
• Frequency unit 👉Hertz 

Chemistry 

• Smallest unit of matter 👉Atom 
• Atomic number represents 👉Number of protons 
  
• pH of neutral solution 👉7 
• Gas essential for breathing 👉Oxygen 
• Chemical formula of water 👉H₂O 
• Metal liquid at room temperature 👉Mercury 
• Rusting is a type of 👉Oxidation 
• Main component of natural gas 👉Methane 
• Acid present in lemon 👉Citric acid 
• Base used in soap making 👉Sodium hydroxide 
• Periodic table proposed by 👉Mendeleev 
• Hardest natural substance 👉Diamond 
• Gas used in balloons 👉Helium 
• Substance with pH less than 7 👉Acid 
• LPG mainly contains 👉Propane & Butane 

Biology

• Basic unit of life👉Cell 
• Cell discovered by👉Robert Hooke 
• Powerhouse of cell 👉Mitochondria 
• Human heart chambers👉Four 
• Blood pigment👉Hemoglobin 
• Photosynthesis occurs in👉Chloroplast 
• Vitamin from sunlight 👉 Vitamin D 
• Disease caused by mosquito 👉Malaria 
• Largest organ in human body 👉Skin 
• Normal body temperature 👉37°C 
• Universal donor blood group 👉O negative 
• Universal recipient blood group👉 AB positive 
• Study of heredity 👉Genetics 
• Father of genetics 👉Gregor Mendel 
• Organ for blood purification 👉 Kidney 
• Gas released in photosynthesis 👉Oxygen
• Brain protection 👉Skull 
• Enzyme in saliva 👉Amylase 
• Human chromosome number 👉 46 
• Largest bone in body 👉Femur 

United Nations 

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed to maintain world peace, security, and cooperation.

Feature	Details
Established	1945
Headquarters	New York, USA
Members	193 countries
Founding document	UN Charter

Security Council – Key Facts

Feature	Details
Total members	15
Permanent members (P5)	USA, UK, Russia, China, France
Special power	Veto power

Other Important UN Agencies & World Organizations

Organization	Headquarters	Main Work
World Health Organization (WHO)	Geneva	Global health & disease control
UNESCO	Paris	Education, science, culture
UNICEF	New York	Child welfare & protection
International Monetary Fund (IMF)	Washington, D.C.	Financial stability & loans
World Bank	Washington, D.C.	Development & poverty reduction
World Trade Organization (WTO)	Geneva	International trade rules

Important Exam Facts

• UN was formed after World War II in 1945.
• Security Council is the most powerful organ of the UN.
• WHO deals with global health emergencies.
• IMF & World Bank provide financial assistance.
• WTO regulates international trade.

Most Important Questions & Answers

• When was the United Nations established? 👉 1945
• Where is UN headquarters located? 👉 New York, USA
• How many permanent members are in the Security Council? 👉 Five
• Which organization looks after global health? 👉 World Health Organization
• Which body regulates world trade? 👉 World Trade Organization
• The United Nations was established in: 👉1945
• UN Day is celebrated on:  👉 24 October
• UN Headquarters is located in: 👉New York 
• The UN Charter was signed in: 👉San Francisco
• Number of original UN members: 👉 51
• Present UN member countries: 👉193
• The current UN Secretary-General is: 👉António Guterres
• Term of UN Secretary-General: 👉 5 years
• Main aim of UN: 👉 Maintain international peace
• UN has how many official languages? 👉 6
• One of the official UN languages: 👉 Arabic
• UN flag color: 👉 Blue
• UN emblem shows: 👉 Globe with olive branches
• The UN Charter came into force on: 👉 24 Oct 1945
• First UN Secretary-General: 👉 Trygve Lie
• UN was formed after which war? 👉 WWII
• Predecessor of UN: 👉 League of Nations
• UN headquarters building was completed in: 👉 1952
• International Court of Justice is located at: 👉 Hague
• UN General Assembly meets in: 👉 New York
• Each country in General Assembly has: 👉 One vote
• UN peacekeeping forces are known as: 👉 Blue Helmets
• International Human Rights Day: 👉 10 Dec
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in: 👉 1948
• UN Security Council permanent members: 👉 5
• Veto power is held by: 👉 UNSC permanent members
• UN Economic and Social Council abbreviation: 👉 ECOSOC
• Number of principal UN organs: 👉 6
• UN budget contributions depend on: 👉 GDP capacity
• Largest contributor to UN budget: 👉 USA
• UN climate conference is called: 👉 COP
• UN refugee agency: 👉 UNHCR
• UN children agency:👉UNICEF
• UN food agency:👉 FAO
• UN peace prize is: 👉 Nobel Peace Prize
• UN Sustainable Development Goals count:👉 17
• SDGs target year: 👉 2030
• UN Environment Programme HQ: 👉 Nairobi
• World Health Organization founded in: 1948 → Ans: 1948
• WHO headquarters: Geneva → Ans: Geneva
• WHO works mainly for: Global health → Ans: Health
• International Monetary Fund established: 1944 → Ans: 1944
• IMF HQ: Washington DC → Ans: Washington DC
• IMF provides: Financial stability → Ans: Loans
• World Bank group formed: 1944 → Ans: 1944
• World Bank HQ: Washington DC → Ans: Washington DC
• Main aim: Development loans → Ans: Development
• UNESCO founded: 1945 → Ans: 1945
• UNESCO HQ: Paris → Ans: Paris
• UNESCO heritage sites protect: Culture & nature → Ans: Both
• UNICEF founded: 1946 → Ans: 1946
• UNICEF HQ: New York → Ans: New York
• UNICEF works for: Children welfare → Ans: Children
• World Trade Organization formed: 1995 → Ans: 1995
• WTO HQ: Geneva → Ans: Geneva
• WTO replaced: GATT → Ans: GATT
• ICJ judges term → 9 years
• FAO HQ → Rome
• ILO HQ → Geneva
• WFP Nobel Prize year → 2020
• UNDP HQ → New York
• UNEP HQ → Nairobi
• First woman UNGA President (India) → Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
• UNSC non-permanent members term → 2 years
• WHO slogan → Health for All
• IMF quota decides → Voting power
• World Bank soft loan arm → IDA
• Hard loan arm → IBRD
• UNESCO heritage tag India first → Ajanta Caves
• UNICEF original name → United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
• WTO dispute settlement body → DSB
• UN peacekeeping began → 1948
• Highest UN organ → General Assembly
• UN legal organ → ICJ
• UN admin head → Secretary-General
• Paris Climate Agreement year → 201

Environmental Issues 

Climate Change & Global Warming 

• The primary cause of present climate change is: Human-induced greenhouse gases
• The most abundant greenhouse gas emitted by human activity is: Carbon dioxide
• Climate negotiations are conducted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ans: UNFCCC
• The scientific body assessing climate change is: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• Global warming mainly results in: Extreme weather events
• The sector contributing maximum CO₂ globally: Energy production
• Methane is mainly emitted from: Rice fields & livestock
• Climate change most affects: Polar regions
• Sea-level rise is primarily due to: Ice melt & thermal expansion
• “Carbon sink” refers to: CO₂ absorber
• Forests act as: Carbon sinks
• Net-zero emission means:: Balance between emission and removal
• Major renewable energy source globally: Solar
• Heat waves are increasing due to Climate change
• Ocean warming causes: Coral bleaching
• Climate change threatens: Food security
• Most vulnerable countries:: Small island nations
• Greenhouse effect is Natural but intensified by humans
• Kyoto Protocol relates to: Emission reduction
• Climate finance supports: Developing nations

Biodiversity & Conservation

• Biodiversity hotspot concept given by: Ans: Norman Myers
• Conservation status list prepared by: International Union for Conservation of Nature
• Endemic species are: Restricted to one region
• Major cause of biodiversity loss: Habitat destruction
• Poaching mainly affects:  Large mammals
• India is a: Mega-diverse country
• Western Ghats known for: High endemism
• In-situ conservation example: National park
• Ex-situ conservation example: Zoo
• Chipko Movement related to: Forest conservation
• Silent Valley protects: Tropical rainforest
• Red Data Book lists : Threatened species
• Biosphere reserve objective: Conservation + development
• Keystone species importance: Ecosystem balance
• Mangroves protect from : Coastal erosion
• Coral reefs found in : Warm shallow seas
• Overfishing leads to : Marine biodiversity loss
• Wildlife Protection Act year: 1972
• Project Tiger launched in : 1973
• Largest tiger population country: India

Pollution 

• AQI measures: Air quality
• PM2.5 refers to : Fine particulate matter
• Main urban air pollutant: Vehicle emission
• Acid rain caused by: SO₂ & NOx
• Water eutrophication due to : Nutrient runoff
• Minamata disease linked to: Mercury
• BOD indicates: Organic pollution
• Noise pollution unit: Decibel
• Ozone in troposphere is : Pollutant
• Ozone in stratosphere is : Protective
• Plastic decomposition time: : Hundreds of years
• Microplastics harm : Marine life
• Thermal pollution affects: Dissolved oxygen
• Soil pollution reduces : Fertility
• Biomedical waste risk : Infection
• E-waste contains : Heavy metals
• Major Indian air pollution season: Winter
• Crop burning region: Punjab–Haryana
• Clean Air Programme is: Pollution reduction mission
• Lead pollution affects: Nervous system
• Fluorosis caused by: Fluoride
• Arsenic contamination found in: Groundwater
• Oil spills damage : Marine ecosystem
• Smog common in: Cities
• WHO air guidelines aim: Health protection

Environmental Governance & India 

• Global environment authority: United Nations Environment Programme
• World Environment Day: 5 June
• Earth Summit held in: Rio (1992)
• Sustainable development means: Meet present without harming future
• SDGs total number: 17
• Ozone protection treaty success: High
• India’s climate policy framework: NAPCC
• National Green Tribunal deals with: Environmental cases
• Ganga cleaning mission: Namami Gange
• Swachh Bharat focuses on: Sanitation
• CAMPA relates to: Afforestation funds
• Wetlands importance: Flood control
• Ramsar sites relate to: Wetlands
• Desertification means: Land degradation
• Major renewable in India: Solar
• International Solar Alliance HQ : India
• Green hydrogen is: Clean fuel
• EV adoption reduces: Emissions
• Urbanization increases : Waste & pollution
• Circular economy promotes: Recycling
• Biofertilizers help: Soil health
• Organic farming avoids: Chemicals
• Climate adaptation means: Adjusting to impacts
• Mitigation means: Emission reduction
• Blue economy relates to: Oceans
• Green GDP includes: Environmental cost
• Carbon trading deals with: Emission permits
• Ecological footprint shows: Resource use
• Sustainable cities need: Public transport
• Forest cover increase helps: Climate control
• Glacier retreat threatens: Rivers
• Heat island effect occurs in: Cities
• Biodiversity ensures: Ecosystem stability
• Environmental education promotes: Awareness
• Sustainable future requires: Global cooperation

Major International Airports of India

City	Airport Name
Delhi	Indira Gandhi International Airport
Mumbai	Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
Bengaluru	Kempegowda International Airport
Hyderabad	Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
Chennai	Chennai International Airport
Kolkata	Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
Ahmedabad	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport
Kochi	Cochin International Airport
Thiruvananthapuram	Trivandrum International Airport
Goa	Manohar International Airport
Pune	Pune Airport
Jaipur	Jaipur International Airport
Lucknow	Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
Guwahati	Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport
Amritsar	Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport

Other Important Domestic Airports

City	Airport
Patna	Jay Prakash Narayan Airport
Bhopal	Raja Bhoj Airport
Indore	Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport
Varanasi	Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport
Chandigarh	Chandigarh International Airport
Srinagar	Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport
Ranchi	Birsa Munda Airport
Bhubaneswar	Biju Patnaik International Airport
Raipur	Swami Vivekananda Airport
Coimbatore	Coimbatore International Airport

Quick Exam Facts

• Busiest airport in India: Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi.
• First fully solar-powered airport in the world: Cochin International Airport, Kerala.
• Airports in India are mainly managed by: Airports Authority of India (AAI) and private operators.

Common Sports Terms

• Match → A contest between two teams/players
• Tournament → Series of matches to decide winner
• League → Teams play round-robin format
• Knockout → Loser is eliminated
• Final → Last match deciding champion
• Referee/Umpire → Official controlling the game
• Captain → Leader of a team
• Coach → Person who trains players
• Substitute → Replacement player
• Extra time → Additional time after draw

Athletics & Olympics Terms

• Sprint → Short-distance race
• Marathon → 42.195 km race
• Relay → Team race passing baton
• Heptathlon/Decathlon → Multi-event competitions
• Podium → Medal winners’ stage
• Qualifying round → Selection stage for finals
• Global multi-sport event: Olympic Games

Cricket Terms

• Pitch → Playing strip in center
• Wicket → Stumps or dismissal of batsman
• Over → 6 legal balls
• Maiden over → No runs scored
• LBW → Leg Before Wicket
• Duck → Zero runs
• Century → 100 runs
• Hat-trick → 3 wickets in 3 balls
• All-rounder → Good at batting & bowling
• Governing body: International Cricket Council

Football (Soccer) Terms

• Goal → Ball crosses goal line
• Penalty kick → Free shot from penalty spot
• Offside → Illegal attacking position
• Corner kick → From corner after defender touch
• Free kick → Awarded after foul
• Yellow card → Warning
• Red card → Player sent off
• Extra time & penalty shootout → Tie-breaker methods
• World governing body: FIFA

Hockey Terms

• Dribble → Move ball with stick
• Penalty corner → Set attacking chance
• Penalty stroke → Direct shot on goal
• Goalkeeper → Defending player near goal

Tennis & Badminton Terms

• Ace → Unreturnable serve
• Deuce → 40-40 score
• Set → Group of games
• Match point → Point to win match
• Love → Zero score in tennis
• Smash → Powerful downward shot

Basketball Terms

• Dribble → Bounce ball while moving
• Rebound → Catch ball after missed shot
• Free throw → Unopposed shot
• Three-pointer → Shot from long distance
• Dunk → Forceful shot into hoop

Important Cups & Trophies (GK)

• Cricket world event: ICC Cricket World Cup
• Football world event: FIFA World Cup
• Tennis team event: Davis Cup
• Hockey world event: Hockey World Cup

One-Line Revision

• Hat-trick → Three successes in a row.
• Deuce → 40-40 in tennis.
• Offside → Illegal forward position in football.
• Maiden over → No run in cricket over.
• Marathon → 42.195 km race.

Major Events & Organizations 

• The Olympic Games are held every: 4 years 
• Headquarters of the International Olympic Committee: Lausanne
• The FIFA World Cup is played in: Football
• Football world governing body: FIFA
• Cricket world governing body: International Cricket Council
• Hockey world governing body: FIH
• Badminton world body: BWF
• Basketball world body: FIBA
• Olympics motto: Faster, Higher, Stronger
• First modern Olympics year: 1896
• Asian Games held every: 4 years
• Commonwealth Games interval: 4 years
• Winter Olympics interval: 4 years
• Paralympics related to: Disabled athletes
• Youth Olympics started in: 2010
• Olympic symbol rings count: 5
• Olympic flag color background: White
• Olympic torch signifies: Peace & continuity
• First Asian Games host city: New Delhi (1951)
• Commonwealth Games originated in: 1930
• FIFA founded in: 1904
• ICC founded in: 1909
• First Cricket World Cup year: 1975
• T20 World Cup started in: 2007
• Women’s Cricket World Cup started in: 1973
• FIFA World Cup started in: 1930
• UEFA Euro interval: 4 years
• Copa America belongs to: South America
• Davis Cup belongs to: Tennis
• Thomas Cup belongs to: Badminton
• Uber Cup is for: Ans: Women’s badminton
• Sudirman Cup type: Mixed badminton
• Ryder Cup sport: Golf
• Hopman Cup sport: Tennis
• Durand Cup sport: Football
• Santosh Trophy sport: Football (India)
• Ranji Trophy sport: Cricket
• Duleep Trophy type: Cricket
• Irani Cup belongs to: Cricket
• Deodhar Trophy format: One-day cricket

Cricket GK 

• One over has balls: Ans: 6
• LBW full form: Ans: Leg Before Wicket
• Duck means: Ans: Zero runs
• Century runs: Ans: 100
• Half-century runs: Ans: 50
• Hat-trick in bowling: Ans: 3 wickets in 3 balls
• Maiden over: Ans: No run conceded
• Pitch length: Ans: 22 yards
• Powerplay used in: Ans: Limited overs cricket
• Yorker ball lands: Ans: Near batsman’s feet
• Googly type: Ans: Spin delivery
• Bouncer height: Ans: Chest/head level
• Third umpire decision via: Ans: TV replay
• ODI overs per side: Ans: 50
• Test match days: Ans: 5
• T20 overs: Ans: 20
• Wicketkeeper role: Ans: Behind stumps
• All-rounder means: Ans: Bat & bowl both
• Follow-on rule in Tests: Ans: Big lead by first team
• Ashes played between: Ans: England & Australia
• IPL started in: Ans: 2008
• IPL governing body: Ans: BCCI
• Orange Cap for: Ans: Highest runs
• Purple Cap for: Ans: Highest wickets
• Duckworth-Lewis method used in: Ans: Rain matches
• Silly point position: Ans: Close to bat
• Cover drive shot direction: Ans: Off-side
• Leg glance side: Ans: Leg-side
• No-ball penalty: Ans: Extra run + free hit
• Wide ball meaning: Ans: Outside reach
• Test cricket jersey color: Ans: White
• ODI/T20 jersey color: Ans: Colored
• Boundary along ground runs: Ans: 4
• Over-boundary runs: Ans: 6
• ICC headquarters: Ans: Dubai
• First T20 World Cup winner: Ans: India
• 2011 ODI World Cup winner: Ans: India
• 2019 ODI World Cup winner: Ans: England
• Women’s T20 World Cup 2020 winner: Ans: Australia
• Spirit of cricket award by: Ans: ICC

Rapid Facts

• Cricket bat material → Willow
• Stumps count → 3
• Bails count → 2
• Umpires on field → 2
• Match referee role → Supervision
• Super over decides → Tie
• Free hit after → No-ball
• Run-out needs → Crease break
• Toss decides → Bat or bowl
• Test championship organized by → ICC

Football, Hockey, Tennis, Others 

• Players in football team on field: Ans: 11
• Football match duration: Ans: 90 minutes
• Extra time duration: Ans: 30 minutes
• Penalty spot distance: Ans: 11 meters
• Offside rule applies in: Ans: Football
• Yellow card meaning: Ans: Warning
• Red card meaning: Ans: Send off
• FIFA HQ: Ans: Zurich
• First FIFA World Cup winner: Ans: Uruguay
• 2022 FIFA World Cup winner: Ans: Argentina

Hockey quick facts

• Players on field → 11
• Olympic sport → Yes
• Penalty corner → Scoring chance
• Penalty stroke → Direct shot
• FIH HQ → Lausanne
• Astro-turf surface → Hockey
• Stick used → Curved
• Match halves → 4 quarters (modern)
• India Olympic golds most in → Hockey
• National game (traditional GK) → Hockey

Tennis

• Grand Slams → 4
• Wimbledon surface → Grass
• French Open surface → Clay
• US Open surface → Hard
• Score 40-40 → Deuce
• Zero score → Love
• Match-winning point → Match point
• Ace → Unreturned serve
• Davis Cup sport → Tennis
• Fed Cup now called → Billie Jean King Cup

Mixed sports rapid GK

• Marathon distance → 42.195 km
• Decathlon events → 10
• Heptathlon events → 7
• Kabaddi players → 7
• Kho-Kho players → 9
• Chess governing body → FIDE
• Formula-1 sport → Motor racing
• Tour de France → Cycling
• Wimbledon oldest since → 1877
• National Sports Day India → 29 Aug

India & Miscellaneous Sports GK 

• Highest sports award India: Ans: Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna
• Arjuna Award for: Ans: Outstanding performance
• Dronacharya Award for: Ans: Coaches
• First Indian Olympic medalist: Ans: Norman Pritchard
• First individual Olympic gold India: Ans: Abhinav Bindra
• Flying Sikh nickname: Ans: Milkha Singh
• Golden Girl of boxing: Ans: Mary Kom
• Chess world champion India: Ans: Viswanathan Anand
• Badminton Olympic medalist India: Ans: P. V. Sindhu
• Javelin Olympic gold India: Ans: Neeraj Chopra

Rapid revision

• IPL team players on field → 11
• Super over balls → 6
• Olympic mascot represents → Host culture
• Green card in hockey → Warning
• VAR used in → Football
• Tie-break common in → Tennis
• Relay baton length → ~30 cm
• Shooting target sport → Shooting
• Archery uses → Bow & arrow
• Wrestling mat sport → Wrestling

Constitutional Bodies (As per Indian Constitution)

Organization	Established	Article	Key Function
Election Commission of India	1950	Art. 324	Conducts elections
Union Public Service Commission	1926/1950	Art. 315	Conducts civil services exams
Finance Commission	1951	Art. 280	Distribution of tax revenue
Comptroller and Auditor General of India	1950	Art. 148	Audits govt accounts
National Commission for Scheduled Castes	2004	Art. 338	Safeguards SC rights
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes	2004	Art. 338A	Safeguards ST rights

Statutory Bodies (Created by Act of Parliament)

Organization	Year	Act
Reserve Bank of India	1935	RBI Act 1934
Securities and Exchange Board of India	1992	SEBI Act 1992
National Human Rights Commission	1993	PHRA 1993
Central Information Commission	2005	RTI Act 2005
Central Vigilance Commission	2003	CVC Act 2003
National Green Tribunal	2010	NGT Act 2010
Competition Commission of India	2003	Competition Act 2002
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India	1999	IRDA Act 1999

Executive Bodies (Non-Constitutional & Non-Statutory)

Organization	Year	Function
NITI Aayog	2015	Policy think tank
National Development Council	1952	Approves Five-Year Plans
National Security Council	1998	Security strategy
Central Bureau of Investigation	1963	Criminal investigations

Important Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)

Maharatna Companies

Company	Sector
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation	Oil & Gas
Indian Oil Corporation	Petroleum
NTPC Limited	Power
Steel Authority of India Limited	Steel
Coal India Limited	Coal
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited	Engineering

Navratna Companies

• Bharat Electronics Limited
• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
• Shipping Corporation of India
• Engineers India Limited

Financial Institutions & Development Banks

Institution	Role
State Bank of India	Largest Public Sector Bank
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development	Rural development
Export-Import Bank of India	Trade finance
Small Industries Development Bank of India	MSME support
National Housing Bank	Housing finance

Defence & Space Organizations

Organization	Function
Defence Research and Development Organisation	Defence R&D
Indian Space Research Organisation	Space research
Border Security Force	Border guarding
Central Reserve Police Force	Internal security

Regulatory & Educational Bodies

Organization	Sector
University Grants Commission	Higher Education
All India Council for Technical Education	Technical education
Medical Council of India	Medical education
National Testing Agency	Entrance exams

Most Asked in Exams (High Priority)

• RBI – Monetary policy
• SEBI – Capital market regulator
• CAG – Audit authority
• Election Commission – Conducts elections
• NITI Aayog – Replaced Planning Commission
• DRDO & ISRO – Defence & Space
• NABARD – Rural credit

Flora and Fauna of India 

India is one of the 12 mega-biodiversity countries in the world. Due to its varied climate, relief, and soil types, India has rich plant and animal diversity.

FLORA OF INDIA (Plant Life)

Key Facts

• India has about 47,000 plant species
• Around 15,000 flowering plants
• Nearly 6–7% of world’s flora

Two biodiversity hotspots:

• Western Ghats
• Eastern Himalayas

Types of Natural Vegetation in India

Tropical Evergreen Forests

• Rainfall: Above 200 cm
• Found in: Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Northeast
• Important Trees: Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood

Tropical Deciduous Forests (Monsoon Forests)

• Rainfall: 100–200 cm
• Most widespread forest in India
• Trees: Teak, Sal, Sandalwood

Tropical Thorn Forests

• Rainfall: Less than 50 cm
• Found in Rajasthan, Gujarat
• Trees: Acacia, Babool, Cactus

Mountain Forests

• Found in Himalayan region
• Trees: Pine, Deodar, Fir

Mangrove Forests

• Found in coastal and delta regions. Example: Sundarbans (Largest mangrove forest)

FAUNA OF INDIA (Animal Life)

India has:

• 90,000+ animal species
• 2,500 fish species
• 1,200+ bird species

National Symbols 

Category	Name
National Animal	Bengal Tiger
National Bird	Indian Peacock
National Aquatic Animal	Ganges River Dolphin
National Reptile	King Cobra
National Heritage Animal	Indian Elephant

Important Wildlife Species

• Bengal tiger
• Asiatic lion
• Indian elephant
• Indian rhinoceros
• Snow leopard
• Blackbuck

Major National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries

National Park	State	Famous For
Jim Corbett National Park	Uttarakhand	Tiger
Kaziranga National Park	Assam	One-horned Rhino
Gir National Park	Gujarat	Asiatic Lion
Ranthambore National Park	Rajasthan	Tiger
Periyar National Park	Kerala	Elephant

Biosphere Reserves (Important)

• Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
• Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
• Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

Government Conservation Projects

• Project Tiger (1973)
• Project Elephant (1992)
• Project Rhino
• Crocodile Conservation Project

Important Acts for Biodiversity

• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• Forest Conservation Act, 1980
• Biological Diversity Act, 2002

Frequently Asked Exam Questions

• Largest mangrove forest → Sundarbans
• Only place of Asiatic Lion → Gir
• One-horned rhinoceros → Kaziranga
• First National Park in India → Jim Corbett (1936)
• India is mega biodiversity country → Yes

Basics of Computers and Computer Applications

What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that:

• Accepts data (Input)
• Processes it
• Produces information (Output)
• Stores results

👉 Full form (commonly used in exams): Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Technical & Educational Research (not official)

Basic Components of Computer

Input Unit

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Microphone

Output Unit

• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
• Projector

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Brain of computer

Parts:

• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• CU (Control Unit)
• Registers

Types of Computers

Type	Example
Supercomputer	Used for weather forecasting
Mainframe	Banking systems
Minicomputer	Medium organizations
Microcomputer	Personal computer (PC)

Example of Indian supercomputer:

• Centre for Development of Advanced Computing developed PARAM series.

Generations of Computers

Generation	Technology	Period
1st	Vacuum Tubes	1940–1956
2nd	Transistors	1956–1963
3rd	IC (Integrated Circuit)	1964–1971
4th	Microprocessor	1971–Present
5th	Artificial Intelligence	Present & Future

Memory Types

Primary Memory

• RAM (Volatile)
• ROM (Non-volatile)
• Cache

Secondary Memory

• Hard Disk
• Pen Drive
• SSD
• CD/DVD

Memory Units: Bit → Nibble → Byte → KB → MB → GB → TB

Software Types

System Software

• Operating System
• Device Drivers

Popular OS:

• Microsoft Windows
• Linux
• macOS

Application Software

• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft Excel
• Microsoft PowerPoint

Input & Output Devices

Input	Output
Keyboard	Monitor
Mouse	Printer
Scanner	Speaker
Webcam	Plotter

Computer Languages

Level	Example
Machine Language	Binary (0,1)
Assembly Language	Mnemonics
High-Level Language	C, C++, Java, Python

Important Computer Terms

• GUI – Graphical User Interface
• CPU – Central Processing Unit
• URL – Uniform Resource Locator
• HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• IP Address – Internet Protocol Address

Basics of Internet

• World Wide Web (WWW)
• Email

Web Browser

• Google Chrome
• Mozilla Firefox

Search Engine

• Google
• Bing

Computer Applications in Real Life

Field	Use
Banking	Online transactions
Education	E-learning
Healthcare	Patient records
Business	MIS reports
Government	Digital governance

Example: Digital India initiative by Government of India

Monuments and Important Places of India

Ancient Monuments of India

Monument	Location	Built By	Period
Sanchi Stupa	Madhya Pradesh	Ashoka	Mauryan
Ajanta Caves	Maharashtra	Satavahanas	2nd BCE
Ellora Caves	Maharashtra	Rashtrakutas	6–10th CE
Konark Sun Temple	Odisha	Narasimhadeva I	13th CE
Brihadeeswara Temple	Tamil Nadu	Rajaraja Chola I	11th CE

Medieval Monuments (Delhi Sultanate & Mughal)

Monument	Location	Built By
Qutub Minar	Delhi	Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Humayun’s Tomb	Delhi	Haji Begum
Taj Mahal	Agra	Shah Jahan
Red Fort	Delhi	Shah Jahan
Gol Gumbaz	Karnataka	Muhammad Adil Shah

Modern & Colonial Period Monuments

Monument	Location	Built During
India Gate	New Delhi	British Era
Gateway of India	Mumbai	British Era
Victoria Memorial	Kolkata	British Era
Charminar	Hyderabad	Quli Qutb Shah

UNESCO World Heritage Sites 

India has 40+ UNESCO sites (check latest count in exam year).

Important ones:

• Khajuraho Group of Monuments
• Hampi
• Rani ki Vav
• Mahabodhi Temple
• Great Living Chola Temples

Famous Religious Places

Place	State	Religion
Golden Temple	Punjab	Sikhism
Kedarnath Temple	Uttarakhand	Hinduism
Meenakshi Temple	Tamil Nadu	Hinduism
Jama Masjid	Delhi	Islam
Basilica of Bom Jesus	Goa	Christianity

Important Tourist Places (State-wise Examples)

• Rajasthan → Hawa Mahal
• Uttar Pradesh → Fatehpur Sikri
• Madhya Pradesh → Bhimbetka Rock Shelters
• Karnataka → Mysore Palace
• Maharashtra → Elephanta Caves

Frequently Asked Exam Questions

• Taj Mahal built by? → Shah Jahan
• Qutub Minar located in? → Delhi
• First Mughal monument? → Humayun’s Tomb
• Ajanta Caves famous for? → Buddhist paintings
• Konark Temple dedicated to? → Sun God